Campus Sustainability

NUS Sustainability
Disclosures

Why BYO?

Waste generated on campus has grown 73% from 2925 tonnes in FY2021 to 5069 tonnes in FY2024

Takeaway disposables is 13%* of waste disposed of in NUS – and it can be avoided with reusables

*based on sample waste composition studies conducted on campus between 2022 to 2024
Takeaway disposables, including PP ♷ plastics, have no or few off-takers for recycling locally or in neighbouring countries

Disposable cups release microplastics that may harm health

XX kg of disposable waste in one day

Collected across campus, displayed at UTown from 19 to 22 Aug 2025

This is the amount of disposable waste generated on our campus in just one day (include weight and total composition of waste that is disposable). It is easy to forget where our waste goes once it is thrown away.

Thus need to BYO

FAQ

  1. Why are we doing this?
    The annual BYO campaign aims to address the growing negative environmental and health impacts of takeaway disposable waste by encouraging a shift towards using more reusables on campus. There are several reasons for this initiative:
    • Rising waste volumes: The amount of waste disposed on campus continues to increase, from 0.14 kg/day/capita in FY2021 to 0.22 kg/day/capita in FY2024. A significant portion comes from avoidable, takeaway disposables such as drink cups.
    • Waste management costs: Disposables not only create negative environmental impact but also contribute to higher waste disposal costs.
    • Health concerns: There is growing scientific research about microplastics leaching from disposable plastics into beverages (Zhou et al., 2023), with potential long-term health risks (Patra et al., 2024).
    • Landfill avoidance: Like many universities with similar BYO initiatives, this campaign supports NUS’ commitment to building a Zero Waste campus, in alignment with the Singapore Green Plan 2030 and national efforts to reduce landfill burden and promote sustainable living.
  2. How does the campaign work?
    You receive a $0.60 discount when you bring your own cup or bottle for takeaways at selected drink stalls on campus (See Q12 below for details on participating canteens and food courts). You pay a $0.20 fee for taking away drinks in disposable cups. The campaign will run from 11 August to 6 December 2025.
  3. Why is the campaign designed with the $0.60 discount and $0.20 fee?
    $0.60 provides a strong positive reinforcement (a reward), while $0.20 introduces a modest deterrent (a cost) to motivate behaviour change. The $0.60 discount also marks SG60 with a meaningful incentive.
  4. Where does the $0.20 disposable cup fee go?
    $0.10 goes to the stall vendor to cover the cost of the cup, and $0.10 goes to the NUS SAVE Sustainability Fund to support student-led sustainability initiatives. NUS does not receive any monies from the campaign.
  5. Will prices go back to normal after the campaign?
    The $0.60 discount will last only during the campaign period as it will be costly to continue funding the discounts indefinitely. At the end of the campaign, we plan to retain the $0.20 disposable fee to encourage reusables adoption.
  6. Why not waive the $0.20 fee instead and only have the $0.60 discount?
    The campaign is designed to reward people who bring or are inclined to bring reusables and nudge those who are currently using disposables to make the switch to reusables.
  7. Why not consider banning takeaway disposables on campus?
    One campus in Singapore has banned disposables for takeaways and provided rentable reusables system in their food court. However, this has resulted in decreased footfall and sales for the food court. We believe that banning disposables on campus will affect the vibrancy of the F&B outlets and is not a feasible option for now.
  8. Were students and staff consulted before this campaign?
    Yes, student and staff engagement began before the campaign launch. For students, NUSSU, GSS and NUS SAVE were consulted in the campaign development. The Deans of various Faculties and Schools were informed ahead of the campaign rollout. In addition, we engaged all participating stall vendors in July to explain the rationale behind the campaign and ensure they were prepared to implement the changes.
  9. How is the campaign supported by education and outreach efforts?
    The campaign ties in with the NUS Sustainability CONNECT Festival which will take place from 1 to 30 September 2025. Both sustainability initiatives reinforce a unified message on sustainability and promote sustainable habits on campus.
  1. Why is the campaign only running for 17 weeks?
     The campaign starts in Semester 1 AY2025/2026 from Week 1 (11 August) to the end of examination (6 December). A semester-long campaign allows us to test operational feasibility, vendor compliance, community response, and behavioural outcomes. It also allows for review and refinement before wider implementation.

  2. What happens after the campaign ends?
    Campaign data and feedback will be analysed (e.g. redemption rates and feedback from NUS community). These insights will guide longer-term planning for refining and scaling up the campaign in subsequent semesters.
  1. Which are the participating canteens and food courts?
    The participating outlets are:
    • ‘Drinks & Snacks’ located at Central Square @ Yusof Ishak House
    • ‘Drinks & Snacks’ and ‘Bistro Box – Beverages’ located at Techno Edge
    • ‘Drinks & Snacks’ located at PGP
    • ‘Drinks & Hot Food’ at The Terrace
    • ‘Drinks & Snacks’ and ‘Li Ji’ located at Frontier
    • ‘Drinks’ located at Fine Food
    • ‘Drinks & Snacks’ located at The Deck
    • ‘Drinks’ located at Flavours @ UTown
    • ‘Drinks & Snacks’ located at The Summit, Bukit Timah Campus

  1. Why are some F&B outlets on campus not participating?
    We are starting with the drink stalls in canteens and food courts in this initial rollout. Independent cafes or franchises may not yet have the operating procedures in place to support this campaign. We plan to onboard more vendors in subsequent campaigns.

  1. Why are only drinks included and not disposable food containers?
    Drinks were selected as a starting point because:
    • They are high-frequency purchases.
    • Many students and staff already carry water bottles or tumblers.
    • Operationally simpler to implement with consistent cup sizes.
    • There are no dedicated washing points for food containers. Existing wash basins are not designed for washing dishes, containers and crockeries and may be choked with food remnants.

  1. Why are certain beverage stalls located in participating canteens not part of the BYO campaign?
    Some stalls, such as the fruit juice stall at The Deck, prepare and seal their drinks in advance for food safety and hygiene, and to reduce waiting time during peak periods. We will engage these stallholders to explore possible operational adjustments, with the aim of including them in future phases of the BYO campaign.
  1. Is there evidence that reusable cups are better for the environment?  Yes. Life cycle assessments (LCAs) have shown that reusable cups have lower carbon emissions than disposable cups after a threshold number of uses. The carbon emission impact is spread across multiple uses, unlike disposable cups which accumulate with each use. For example, a publication by the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) cited that switching from disposable single-use paper cups to reusable plastic (PP) cups can reduce emissions by up to 69%.

  1. Doesn’t washing reusable cups use more water? While washing reusable cups does use water, reusables generally have a lower overall environmental impact than single-use disposables over time. This is because the water and energy used in the production of disposable cups from raw material extraction to manufacturing typically exceeds that used to wash reusables after multiple uses. The actual impact will depend on factors like the material of the cup, type of detergent, and washing method. According to a report by the Environmental and Energy Study Institute, using 500 single-use paper cups would consume nearly 1,400 litres of water, while using one reusable ceramic cup 500 times would consume around 200 litres of water.
  1. What type of cups or bottles are accepted?
    Any clean, durable, tumbler, bottle or reusable cup. Reuse of disposable cups are not accepted as the campaign is designed to reduce reliance on disposables, not extend their use. To qualify for the $0.60 discount, please bring a reusable cup/bottle/tumbler intended for repeated use.

  2. Do I get more volume of drink if I bring a larger BYO bottle or tumbler?
    No, the volume of drink served will be based on the standard cup size used at the stall. The BYO campaign encourages the use of reusables to reduce waste, not to increase portion sizes. Likewise, if a smaller than standard cup size bottle or tumbler is brought, it will be filled to a feasible limit to avoid spillage. In addition, for takeaway cold drinks, your tumbler or bottle should have a wide opening to easily accommodate ice cubes.

  3. Can I purchase plain water with my reusable?
    Please note that the BYO campaign applies only to the purchase of beverages. It does not apply to the sale of plain water (hot or cold), as the cost is less than the $0.60 discount, or the sale of ice on its own. If you request only ice, it will be chargeable and not eligible for the BYO discount.

  4. Do I get the discount if I dine-in?
    No, this discount is only applicable for takeaway drinks. For dine-in, you may use the reusable cup provided by the drink stall.
  1. Is this fair for students who don’t stay on campus or live far from campus and may forget to bring a bottle/tumbler/cup?
    We understand that building new habits takes time, especially for students commuting from off-campus. To provide sufficient reminders, we are using multiple channels to reach out to the NUS community – including bus advertisements, posters, wall decals near canteens, emails, and social media – so it is easier to remember before you head out.

  2. Where can I leave feedback on the campaign?
    This is a pilot campaign, and we welcome suggestions and feedback at campus_sustainability@nus.edu.sg.
BYO redemptions as of 11 August 2025
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Building a sustainable community in the rejuvenated Yusof Ishak House, projected to achieve Net Zero Energy in operations with collective efforts of staff and students to reduce 70% energy use as compared to pre-renovation.
Building a sustainable community in the rejuvenated Yusof Ishak House, projected to achieve Net Zero Energy in operations with collective efforts of staff and students to reduce 70% energy use as compared to pre-renovation.
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Think that a disposable cup is harmless? Think again.

Disposable plastic cups don’t just harm the planet – they may be harming you too.

View more

Chua Siew Chin

Senior Lecturer, Biological Sciences

“Single-use items not only waste our limited resources of water, energy and materials, they also create unnecessary usage of chemicals that could harm human health, as in the case of PFAS in paper straws. Their disposal also require more resources and could further pollute the environment.”

Nadya Heryanto

Treasurer, NUS SAVE
Year 4, Accountancy

“Knowing I’m avoiding microplastics in my food and drinks, helping reduce waste, and sometimes even getting discounts – it just makes sense to bring my own reusable!”

Chrisye Cheong

Member, NUS SAVE
Year 2, Finance

“Disposable single-use plastics may seem convenient, but they break down into microplastics that pollute our food, water, and environment. That’s why I use reusables. It’s a simple effort that can make a real difference over time.”

Bottles & Mugs

500ml Stainless Steel Bottle

Ceramic Mug

Ceramic Mug Inner White Outer Coloured

Coloured Gradient Stainless Steel Tumbler 473ml with Metal Straw

Durian Tumbler 720ml with Straw

Inner Coloured Ceramic Mug

Mug with Matte Outer Finish

PC Bottle 1000ml (FG-168B Classic)

Stainless Steel Tumbler 350ml

Stainless Steel Tumbler 400ml

Wheat Cup 450ml

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Resources

Brought to you by

University Campus Infrastructure & NUS Zero Waste Taskforce

Supported by

NUS Students' Association for Visions of the Earth (SAVE)

“Single-use items not only waste our limited resources of water, energy and materials, they also create unnecessary usage of chemicals that could harm human health, as in the case of PFAS in paper straws. Their disposal also require more resources and could further pollute the environment.”

Chua Siew Chin

Senior Lecturer, Biological Sciences

“Knowing I’m avoiding microplastics in my food and drinks, helping reduce waste, and sometimes even getting discounts – it just makes sense to bring my own reusable!”

Nadya Heryanto

Co-President, NUS Student Association for Visions of the Earth (SAVE) 32nd Management Committee 2024/2025

“Disposable single-use plastics may seem convenient, but they break down into microplastics that pollute our food, water, and environment. That’s why I use reusables. It’s a simple effort that can make a real difference over time.”

Chrisye Cheong

President, NUS Student Association for Visions of the Earth (SAVE) 33rd Management Committee 2025/2026

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Campus Sustainability

Copyright © 2024 National University of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.

Think that a disposable cup is harmless? Think again.

Disposable plastic cups don’t just harm the planet – you're ingesting them too.

Microplastics: Tiny Particles, Big Problem

According to the UN Environment Programme, microplastics are tiny plastic particles less than 5mm in size.
They are found in oceans, air, and even the food and drinks we consume.

From Cup to Body

When plastic cups are exposed to heat or friction (think hot drinks, or shaking against the cup), they can shed tiny plastic particles into your beverage. Even paper cups with plastic lining can leach microplastics.
One study^ estimates that people may ingest 37,613-89,294 microplastics a year from the use of one plastic cup every 4-5 days.
^G. Zhou et al. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume 441, 2023.

What Might This Mean for Our Health?

Research on microplastics and potential implications for human health is inconclusive, “because of substantial limitations of available information.”1
That said, there is a growing body of scientific research studying the potential long-term health effects of microplastics in humans. Concerns include oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity, among other potential health effects.2

1.World Health Organisation (WHO) 2022 report.
2.Lee et al. 2023. Health Effects of Microplastic Exposures: Current Issues and Perspectives in South Korea.

We have conducted site visits to our recycling collectors’ material recovery facilities at Lok Yang Road to check how our recyclables are processed.

Enhancing touchpoints for campus resource sorting

The NUS community has been consistently sorting right through Recycle Right bins, resulting in largely clean, homogeneous recyclable streams. Check-out reuse drives at hostels facilitate hostelites to sort and deposit their reusables instead of disposing them.
By 2025, we will deploy refreshed Recycle Right bins that are more cost-effective and lighter for operations, and with new recycling streams for LDPE-4 (e.g. bubble wrap) and PP-5 (e.g. lab pipette boxes) plastics. We will also launch a Campus Sorting Guide that includes information on how our recyclables are processed responsibly overseas beyond campus.

An artist impression of refreshed Recycle Right bins

Campus Sorting Guide

Developing a dematerialisation strategy

We will take a holistic upstream and downstream approach to manage waste, shifting our focus to cutting wastages in addition to enhancing recycling.
In 2024, our recycling rate fell to 19% from 27% in 2023, while daily waste disposed per capita inc kg/day/capita in 2023 to 0.22 kg/day/capita. This was due to increased food waste from a larger c catering activities, and only preparatory food waste being transported via the new hub-and-spoke treatment. We have also closed the plastic PET-1 waste loop, where plastic bottles on campus ar recycled PET-1 resins for new bottles.
In 2025, we will enhance the campus resource sorting culture by introducing more recycling infra new campus sorting guide, launch an annual Bring-Your-Own campaign and reduce food waste f
Our greening efforts have contributed to campus tree canopy increasing from 35.7% in 2019 to 59.4% in 2024.

Greening our campus to manage outdoor thermal comfort

Planted 55,221 trees on campus since November 2018, developing campus greenery plan by 2025
The increase in greenery has avoided up to 1 deg C rise in ambient air temperature between 2019 and 2024.
By 2025, we will launch a campus greenery plan that aims to increase shade, green hardscapes and enhance natural ventilation with more open green spaces that connect our community to nature.
Our dense sensor network collects microclimate data that measures two key parameters of outdoor thermal comfort – temperature (left), and wind speed and direction (right).

Campus microclimate data for evaluation of mitigation measures

In managing outdoor thermal comfort, we focus on improving both wind and temperature parameters.
For wind, this includes redesigning our campus to harness natural wind flow through open green spaces, informed by ongoing campus-wide Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study using sensor data.
For temperature, this includes enhancing greenery along streets to provide more shade and greening hard surfaces to reduce the heat retained. In 2024, we evaluated through a pilot that cool paint contributes up to 1 deg C reduction in localised air temperatures.
Cool paint of higher solar reflectance was applied to the west-facing façade of E1A, increasing reflected solar radiation from 31% to 62%. Statistical analysis showed that it was effective in lowering ambient temperatures by 0.4 – 1.0 deg C, between 10am to 5pm.
An energy modelling study assessed the feasibility of dynamic air change rates in a lab, which included the review of existing ventilation systems.

Testing Dynamic Ventilation Technologies in Labs & Teaching Spaces

We are planning to pilot dynamic air changes rates in one lab in MD6 in 2025, and have begun piloting dynamic air-conditioning control based on real-time occupancy in lecture theatres.
An energy modelling study showed that dynamic air change rates can potentially save up to 15% in energy usage in labs. This follows the completion of the campus-wide switch to energy-efficient deep freezers (2.2 GWh)

Energy performance ahead of government benchmark

School of Design & Environment (SDE) building cluster, consisting of SDE 1, 3 and 4, have achieved Energy Usage Intensity (EUI) significantly lower than the Super Low Energy benchmark set by Building and Construction Authority (BCA) for Institutes of Higher Learning.
For Yusof Ishak House (YIH), we are working closely with building users towards achieving net-zero energy performance by managing energy consumption.
Rooftop solar panels installed campus wide such as in the College of Design & Engineering (CDE) precinct

Commissioned 9.2 MWp of solar photovoltaic capacity

Solar panels onsite can generate around 11 GWh of electricity, enough to power 2,500 four-room HDB flats for a year.

We are striving to maximise our solar capacity to 14 MWp by 2030 through higher efficiency solar panel technology and increased roof top coverage.

Embarking on 3-Year decarbonisation plan

In 2024, our emissions were 118 ktCO2e. We have set an interim emissions target towards baseline emissions by 2027 with a 3-year Decarbonisation plan (2025 – 2027).
We have implemented energy reduction projects in 2024 that will provide 2.8 ktCO2e ($830,000) of annual savings, including completing the campus-wide switch out to energy-efficient deep freezers and the first-tranche of building-level LED replacements. We have also commissioned 9.2 MWp of solar photovoltaic systems.
We have developed a 3-year Decarbonisation plan (2025 – 2027) towards plateauing emissions to baseline levels by 2027. An example of an intervention is operationalising dynamic ventilation technologies in labs and teaching facilities.

Shaping positive norms in Zero Waste precincts

The university has a public service mission to nurture next-generation environmental stewards amongst our staff and students. Using campus grounds, we are establishing Zero Waste precincts with touch points to reinforce positive behaviour of waste sorting and practices of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle (3Rs).

‘Zero waste’ is not an end outcome where literally no waste is generated or disposed. In Zero Waste precincts, we strive to minimise waste sent for incineration by applying a waste hierarchy to reduce consumption, encourage reuse, repurpose for a second life with an objective to close waste loops, and recycle key waste streams responsibly.

Encourage sorting in UTown precinct

In 2023, University Town precinct generated the largest amount of waste and recyclables. A waste composition study conducted in the precinct highlighted opportunity to divert up to 18% of waste generated by encouraging our community to sort right and bring recyclables to the right collection points
Minister Grace Fu and Ms Low Yen Ling, Mayor of South West District with students from Institutes of Higher Learning (IHLs) who have piloted innovative waste minimisation projects on NUS campus.

Empowering students to champion sustainability innovation

The Sustainable Living Testbed Initiative (formerly Zero Waste Testbed Initiative) was launched in 2021 in collaboration with South west Community Development Council, to empower youths test-bed sustainability solutions campus.
Successful applicants are supported with project funding of up to $10,000 and mentorship by industry and government practitioners with potential to scale sustainability solutions across NUS campus or in the wider community.

“This is a wonderful way to make our university a living lab for new technology and bringing it down to actual practices.”

- Ms. Grace Fu, Minister for Sustainability and the Environment at the launch of the Zero Waste Testbed Initiative in 2021

Projects supported by Zero Waste Testbed Initiative

Incorporating plastic waste into new items

Brambe, comprising NUS architecture alumni Bernie Ang and NUS environmental studies alumni Amanda Tay, used plastic waste with jesmonite to build street furniture. They have grown this into a business, providing design customisation of products like trophies. With further R&D, Brambe has also expanded to upcycle glass waste in a 60-70% waste-to-aggregate ratio.

Nurturing sustainability champions from young

NUS industrial design alumni Tommy Cheong, in collaboration with Blangah Rise Primary School, led the curation of a Sustainability Resource Pack that aims to guide young learners to understand sustainability issues first, and then ideate new solutions.

Image source: Mustsharenews.com

Engaging community in upcycling fruit peels

NUS industrial design alumni Ana Zeng incorporated discarded fruit peels into detergent or “Eco Enzyme”. She has since founded a non-profit social enterprise, EcoEnzyme Learning Studio, to teach people how to create such detergents at home and build a supportive learning community around it.

Rooftop solar panels installed campus wide such as in the College of Design & Engineering (CDE) precinct

Commissioning 9.2 MWp of solar photovoltaic capacity

Solar panels onsite will supply renewable energy to replace approximately 4% (11 GWh) of NUS’ total electricity consumption, enough to power 2,500 four-room HDB flats for a year. These solar panels will be switched on progressively in 2024.

We are striving to maximise our solar capacity to 14 MWp by 2030 through higher efficiency solar panel technology and increased roof top coverage.

Beating the rise in emissions

In 2023, our emissions increased from 115 ktCO2e in 2022 to 122 ktCO2e due to the addition of new buildings and increased energy use in existing buildings.

While new buildings have achieved Green Mark (GM) Platinum and above certifications in design, we are also optimising the energy consumption in these buildings during operations. By 2025, we strive to beat the increase and achieve 118 ktCO2e as an interim target, aiming for 7.5 ktCO2e reduction through green lab initiative and commissioning campus-wide rooftop solar panels. 

Mr Harry Lim (Secretariat of Zero Waste Taskforce) brainstorming with Mr Tommy Cheong

Recycling Right Through Better Design

The NUS Zero Waste Taskforce (ZWT) partnered Mr Tommy Cheong (NUS Industrial Design, Class of 2020) to develop and test a new recycling bin design to get people to recycle right as part of his Final Year Project (FYP).
This bin design was developed based on insights gathered from interviewing users and prototyping initial designs with the support from South West Community Development Council (South West CDC) and OTTO Waste Systems Pte Ltd for their inputs.
The sleek “Recycle Right” bin design features a clear display with real non-recyclables that highlights what should not be placed inside the recycling bins, a slidable opening lid that adds friction to reduce mindless throwing of non-recyclables and a transparent bin body that showcases the accumulated clean recyclables.
The bin design was effective in getting people within campus to recycle right – contamination rate of the plastic bottle recycling bins had reduced by more than half, from 60% to 27%, based on a contamination study done in University Town. The bins are currently available campus wide to build a social norm of careful waste sorting and reduce contamination.

Watch Tommy Cheong share his story in the video below.

Production by NUS Office of University Communications
“I’m grateful for the collaborative efforts with NEA and the malls (Lendlease & CapitaLand) with this recycling pilot to trial the Recycle Right Bins, and to be able to provide the operational guide for efficient implementation and maintenance of this bin system. It is encouraging to see that there have been significant improvements in recycling rates and contamination reduction not just on the NUS campus, but at the public malls as well”
– Mr Tommy Cheong
“Recycle Right” bins at JEM Mall
Recycling right beyond campus
To test the bins in public spaces beyond the campus, NUS ZWT had collaborated with the National Environment Agency (NEA), Lendlease and CapitaLand to conduct a behavioural experiment to test the bins in JEM and IMM. The experiment was conducted in the period 2021 to early 2022, observing over 7,000 disposal behaviours during peak hours. This was the first time that the bins were placed in a non-campus setting.
The bin design showed to be effective in getting people to recycle right – contamination rate of the plastic bottle recycling bins had similarly reduced by more than half, from 79% to 29%. The amount of items recycled remained similar, while the amount of non-recyclables in recycling bins decreased. This suggested that users were recycling better, without recycling less.
Schools like Westwood Primary School have also implemented the bins.
“The introduction of the Recycle Right bins at Westwood Primary School is part of our continued drive to engage and educate our pupils not just on the importance of recycling but recycling it right. As a stalwart in Environmental Education, Westwood Primary School has successfully integrated its well-known Positive Education with its Environmental Education programmes. For example, our pupils learn values such as resilience and gratitude while recycling and the recyclables from the Recycle Right bins are sold and the proceeds donated to conservation efforts spearheaded by various NGOs.”

-Mrs Enda Chan,
Subject Head, Environmental Education.

Professor Wong Nyuk Hien (middle), an Urban Heat Island expert, is leading the Cool NUS-BEAM Initiative consisting of researchers from College of Design and Engineering and staff from University Campus Infrastructure.

Future-proof for Climate Resiliency

The digital twin of Kent Ridge campus allows simulation of mitigation measures, integrating tools such as STEVE (Screening Tool for Estate Environment Evaluation) which predicts air temperature within a 50-metre radius and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to analyse urban ventilation. Results from digital simulation and physical trials of mitigation measures will inform future campus design guidelines to drive climate resilience.

STEVE (Screening Tool for Estate Environment Evaluation) – predicts air temperature within a 50-metre radius around a particular point, using urban morphology predictors such as green plot ratio and sky view factor.

Urban ventilation analysis of NUS campus using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).
Staff from University Campus Infrastructure and Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions measuring tree girth as part of data capture for the digital campus tree inventory.

How greenery impacts outdoor thermal comfort

As we green our campus, we are assessing the impact of our tree planting efforts in improving outdoor thermal comfort, such as cooling through shading and evapotranspiration.

We are using a digital greenery model that integrates data from satellite images, a 3D scan of the campus and on-ground physical measurements of large trees on campus. This model will analyse how the microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort have changed since the start of our tree planting efforts. At a granular level, we will study how the different plant species and planting approaches influence outdoor thermal comfort to guide our planting efforts.

The digital greenery model of Prince George’s Park Residence was created using satellite images, a 3D campus scan, and on-ground physical measurements of large trees.

University Campus Infrastructure and College of Design and Engineering have installed the densest microclimate sensor network on local campus, with 49 high-resolution sensors to measure microclimatic conditions across various urban environments and heights on campus.

Comprehensive high-resolution microclimate data on campus

In 2023, we extended our network of microclimate sensors across Kent Ridge campus. With 40 weather stations, 6 infrared cameras and 3 meteorological towers, we track a range of environmental data (including temperature, wind speed and direction, solar radiation, humidity) across various urban environments and heights. The high-resolution data is used to develop our baseline outdoor thermal comfort map and to assess effectiveness of cooling measures to tackle campus hot spots.
40 Weather Stations
Measures microclimate data at 1-minute intervals
6 Infrared Cameras
Measures surface temperature changes due to solar exposure or surrounding heat emissions
3 Meteorological Towers
Measures microclimate data across vertical heights of up to 12 metres tall
Where is this hot spot?
NUS Medicine & Faculty of Science
What makes this a hot spot?
Dense building swith high heat absorption; high amount of hard pavement
How are we cooling this hot spot?
  • Exploring opportunities to add permeablesurfaces like shrubs or gardens, and increase shading with greenery

NUS students planting trees along the University Sports Centre in 2022.

Greening for liveability

We are nurturing a campus in a tropical rainforest, where our community can interact with lush greenery and rich biodiversity in their daily routines on campus. The greenery increases shade and reduces heat absorption to help our community feel comfortable outdoors.

Since 2011, we have been extending green spaces on campus by growing more naturalised gardens and nature ways and reforesting the Ridge, a young secondary rainforest located at the heart of Kent Ridge Campus. Contributing to Singapore’s OneMillionTrees movement, we pledge to plant 100,000 new trees on campus by 2030. Find out more about NUS Trees.

Naturalised gardens as ‘cool islands’ where greenery flourishes to promote cooling
Greening roofs & facades to reduce heat absorption.
Reforesting the Ridge to enhance biodiversity, restore ecology and integrate forests into urban landscape

Improving accuracy in waste weight data collection using an optical character recognition technology developed by NUS Students Mr Jax Lee, Mr Filbert Chan, Ms Rachel See from Faculty of Science.

Tracking Progress Through Data

In 2021, we worked with our waste management vendor to deploy waste trucks with load cells to collect weight data from RFID-tagged bins at every bin centre.

To improve accuracy in data capture, NUS students from Faculty of Science developed a prototype using optical character recognition technology that automatically reads and stores waste weight data from a photo taken from the truck’s dashboard screen. To identify opportunities to divert waste from incineration, we also conduct waste composition studies.

Waste composition studies conducted by students from Ridge View Residential College as part of their sustainability course.

Cool Paint On Building Facades And Pavements

As a trial cooling measure to reduce hot spots, cool paint will be applied on the sports courts and façade of E1A Building in College of Design & Environment (CDE).
The selected building is west-facing and exposed to high solar radiation in the afternoon and evening. Environmental data will be tracked over time to assess effectiveness in heat mitigation before further implementation across campus.
Where is this hot spot?
College of Design & Engineering
What makes this a hot spot?
Dense buildings with high heat absorption; high amount of hard pavement
How are we cooling this hot spot?
  • By mid 2024 – Applying cool paint on selected road pavements
  • By end 2024 – Applying cool paint to approximate 50% of CDE’s building facades

What is outdoor thermal comfort?

Thermal comfort is a perception of how one feels in an environment. As temperatures rise globally and in Singapore, we strive to manage campus hot spots, determined based on the Outdoor Thermal Comfort Index (OTCI).
As temperatures rise globally and in Singapore, we strive to address campus hot spots, determined based on a combination of temperature and wind variables.
OTCI ranges from -3 to 3, measuring one’s sensory perception (how hot or cold) when outdoors. Its computation accounts for both temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed.

NUS is the first local campus to install a network of high-resolution sensors across the campus to measure microclimatic conditions across various urban environments and heights. The microclimate data (for example temperature, wind speed and direction, solar radiation, humidity) allows us to establish the campus baseline outdoor thermal comfort conditions, identify hotspots and assess effectiveness of mitigation measures in improving outdoor thermal comfort.

Preliminary monthly results: sample of Jan 2020 dataset

Maximum temperature

+

Average Wind Velocity

=

Outdoor Thermal Comfort Index Map

Integrating information from the booking system and occupancy sensors with algorithms in the Building Management system will enable us to dynamically optimise air-conditioning in lecture theatres.

Dynamic control of air conditioning system in lecture theatres​

Lecture theatres are often booked but not used resulting in energy wastage cooling large volumes of spaces unnecessarily. We are working to optimise energy used for cooling large lecture theatres by ensuring they are cooled only when occupied.
We are trialing a system to dynamically control air-conditioning in three lecture theatres in College of Design and Engineering in 2024. The system will integrate information from the booking system and occupancy sensors with algorithms in the Building Management Systems (BMS) to optimise air-conditioning operations.
Air-conditioning will be automatically switched off when no occupancy is detected after a grace period. Airflow and temperature setpoint will be calibrated according to level of occupancy to balance user comfort and prevent overcooling. If the pilot is successful, this will be scaled up to all lecture theatres campus-wide.
SDE4 achieved Green Mark Positive Energy certification with at least 115% of its energy consumption supplied from renewable solar energy on its rooftop.

Towards Singapore’s first net-zero energy building cluster​

NUS is leading with Singapore’s first building cluster targeting net-zero energy, comprising positive energy building SDE4 and two retrofitted buildings SDE1 and SDE3. Collectively, the cluster consumes less electricity than it generates on a yearly basis.​
To ensure consistent high renewable energy generation, we are working with Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS) and solar panel manufacturers to place the highest efficiency solar panels on SDE 3 rooftop. This serves as a real-world living lab to test and showcase solar panel technologies as they evolve in the coming years.
Rooftop solar panels installed campus wide such as in the College of Design & Engineering (CDE) precinct

Campus-wide rooftop solar panels

We have completed campus-wide solar panel installation of about 9.2 MWp, which will provide about 11 GWh of renewable energy when progressively switched on in 2024. This will replace about 4%of the total campus energy use with renewable energy, saving about 4.5 ktCO2e.
We are striving to maximise this capacity to 14 MWp by 2030 through higher efficiency technology and increased rooftop coverage.
Inefficient deep freezers in our laboratories consume more than 18 kWh/day, or 1.5 times the average daily energy consumption of a 4-room HDB unit.

Greening laboratories across campus

Energy consumption in laboratory buildings constitute over half of total campus energy use. Together with NUS Medicine, we managed to reduce energy consumption at MD6, the top energy consuming building in 2022.
We cut about 1.9 GWh, or close to 10% of its energy use in the past year, saving 0.78 ktCO2e. The savings are equivalent to the annual consumption of about 440 HDB 4-room flats or $412,000 in energy costs. We are on track for further reduction with chiller plant optimisation efforts, LED fit out and switching to energy efficient deep freezers.
Beyond MD6, we are conducting energy audits at S9 and other top energy consuming lab buildings to determine energy load profile for targeted interventions. With building-by-building optimisation, we expect to save about 4.7 GWh or 2.0 ktCO2e by 2025.
In 2023, we completed a campus-wide stock take of all deep freezers in our laboratories. Working with Office of Finance, Central Procurement Office and the faculties, we have started replacing about 212 energy inefficient deep freezers out of 532 units, which will save about 2.4 GWh or 1.0 ktCO2e and $528,000 in energy costs annually when completed in 2025.
Artist’s impression of Yusof Ishak House, designed for Net Zero Energy, showcases features such as cross ventilation and natural lighting through strategic façade openings, and ceiling fans to promote high energy efficiency.

Optimise energy performance from design to operations

Our new buildings are designed to be energy efficient and carefully managed for optimal energy performance.
For example, we have achieved best-in-class energy and carbon performance for the SDE building cluster (SDE 1, 3 and 4), with an Energy Usage Intensity of under 50 kWh/ m² /year. This is significantly lower than the 90 kWh/ m² /year benchmark set by Building and Construction Authority (BCA) for Institutes of Higher Learning.
Learnings from the design of SDE building cluster are being applied to Yusof Ishak House (YIH) which is undergoing retrofitting and due for reopening in Q1 2025 as our newest building designed for net-zero energy.

Potential interventions to reduce value chain emissions

Scope 3 emissions, which are indirect emissions incurred as part of our value chain, contributed majority (63%) of our total carbon footprint in 2023. We are assessing feasibility of interventions by calculating abatement potential and cost.

Role model, network and lead sustainability issues amongst their peers

Tommy Cheong

Designer at Design Incubation Centre (DIC), Industrial Design at College of Design and Engineering, Class of 2020

Edric Ong

Co-founder PlasticEVO, Biomedical Engineering at NUS College of Design and Engineering, Class of 2024

Goh Tian Ning

Bachelor of Environmental Studies, Class of 2026

Nadya Heryanto

Co-President of NUS Student’s Associate for Visions (SAVE) 2024- 2025

Amanda Tay

Co-founder of Brambe, Bachelor of Environmental Studies, Class of 2021 

Foo Shi Wen

Liberal Arts at Yale- NUS College, Class of 2024

Chai Sheng Lin

Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Yale-NUS College, Class of 2024

Jonathan How

Founder of Sharetings

Kong Qi Herng

Co-founder of Moonbeam, Pharmaceutical Science at NUS Faculty of Science, Class of 2022

Verlyn Ku

Coordinator of Infiniuse (student reuse event), Biomedical Engineering at NUS College of Design and Engineering, Class of 2024

Campus Administration staff

Ben Koh

Senior Associate Director, Central Procurement Office

Seah Pei Ching

Assistant Senior Category Manager, Central Procurement Office

Campus Infrastructure staff

Loo Deliang

Chairman, Zero Waste Taskforce & Head, Sustainability Strategy Unit, University Campus Infrastructure

Harry Lim

Secretariat, Zero Waste Taskforce & Manager, Sustainability Strategy Unit, University Campus Infrastructure

Jeslin Pang

Head, Campus Services- Retail and Dining Services, University Campus Infrastructure

Faculty staff

Dr Elliot Law

Senior Lecturer, Innovation & Design Programme (iDP), Engineering Design and Innovation Centre

Dr Eunice Ng

Fellow & Resident Fellow, Ridge View Residential College

Dr Jovan Tan

Lecturer from Engineering Design and Innovation Centre
The Resource Sorting Station has segregated streams with transparent bins to inspire confidence and encourage responsible use.

Bringing waste to ‘front of house’

We launched Resource Sorting Station (RSS), the first smart waste and recycling collection station in NUS, with clear streams to minimise contamination and weight sensors to track recycling progress.

The pilot RSS were introduced at Tembusu Residential College and UTown Residence in 2023, supported by the SG Eco Fund. Designed to replace the back of-house chute system with centralised ground level sorting, the RSS encourages positive social norms of waste sorting with pilot implementation showing recycling contamination rate dropped from 50% to <5%. The pilot RSS is being refined as a blueprint for future waste sorting experience in high rise student hostels.

The sleek “Recycle Right” bin design features a clear display with real non-recyclables that highlights what should not be placed inside the recycling bins, a slidable opening lid that adds friction to reduce mindless throwing of non-recyclables and a transparent bin body that showcases the accumulated clean recyclables.
The bin design was effective in getting people within campus to recycle right – contamination rate of the plastic bottle recycling bins had reduced by more than half, from 60% to 27%, based on a contamination study done in University Town. The bins are currently available campus wide to build a social norm of careful waste sorting and reduce contamination.

Watch Tommy Cheong share his story in the video below.

Production by NUS Office of University Communications
“I’m grateful for the collaborative efforts with NEA and the malls (Lendlease & CapitaLand) with this recycling pilot to trial the Recycle Right Bins, and to be able to provide the operational guide for efficient implementation and maintenance of this bin system. It is encouraging to see that there have been significant improvements in recycling rates and contamination reduction not just on the NUS campus, but at the public malls as well”
– Mr Tommy Cheong
“Recycle Right” bins at JEM Mall
Recycling right beyond campus
To test the bins in public spaces beyond the campus, NUS ZWT had collaborated with the National Environment Agency (NEA), Lendlease and CapitaLand to conduct a behavioural experiment to test the bins in JEM and IMM. The experiment was conducted in the period 2021 to early 2022, observing over 7,000 disposal behaviours during peak hours. This was the first time that the bins were placed in a non-campus setting.
The bin design showed to be effective in getting people to recycle right – contamination rate of the plastic bottle recycling bins had similarly reduced by more than half, from 79% to 29%. The amount of items recycled remained similar, while the amount of non-recyclables in recycling bins decreased. This suggested that users were recycling better, without recycling less.
Schools like Westwood Primary School have also implemented the bins.
“The introduction of the Recycle Right bins at Westwood Primary School is part of our continued drive to engage and educate our pupils not just on the importance of recycling but recycling it right. As a stalwart in Environmental Education, Westwood Primary School has successfully integrated its well-known Positive Education with its Environmental Education programmes. For example, our pupils learn values such as resilience and gratitude while recycling and the recyclables from the Recycle Right bins are sold and the proceeds donated to conservation efforts spearheaded by various NGOs.”

-Mrs Enda Chan,
Subject Head, Environmental Education.

Close Food Waste Loop

To close the food waste loop, pre-processing food waste from dining halls and food courts is sent to aerobic digestors to be turned into compost for landscaping use on campus. A food waste valorisation system is also being piloted to convert food waste into high-value aqua feed.
Food Courts And Dining Halls in U Town

Student-initiated reminders placed at food court stall fronts to minimise food waste. Read more here.

Pre-processing food waste like fruit peels and vegetable scraps are sorted in the kitchen.
Stephen Riady Center in U Town
Food waste sent to aerobic digestor in U Town bin center at Stephen Riady Centre to be turned into compost.
Across Campus
Compost used for landscaping on campus
Cinnamon Residential College (RC) in UTown
Food waste is sorted at Cinnamon RC dining hall kitchen before being sent to Food Waste Valoriser for onsite treatment.
Outside Campus
Treated substrates from the valoriser sent off-campus to be converted to high-quality microbial protein feed for aquaculture industry.

Sorting to reduce mindless dumping

Hostels

A large amount of waste is generated during biannual hostel checkout at the end of each semester. To prevent indiscriminate dumping in the chutes, ground level collection points are set up for hostelites to sort waste, recyclables and reusables before moving out.

Reusable items in good condition are sorted by students. Textile items like pillows and bedsheets are sent to Cloop, while clothes hangers are set aside for reuse by incoming hostelites.

Collecting recyclable materials in clean streams

To ensure that our recyclables will be processed, we collect only materials with downstream demand.

Recycling collection points

Unlike the public commingled (mixed) recycling collection, we practise segregated recycling on campus where our community sorts at source to minimise contamination. Clean Plastic PET♳ bottles collected here are sent for processing to be converted into food grade rPET♳ resins to close the plastic waste loop.

Where our recyclables go

Packaging materials (plastics bottles, metal cans, paper and glass containers) are transported in clean homogeneous streams to local facilities for baling before overseas export to recycling plants.

Photos taken at local recycling facilities at Lok Yang Road, Singapore.

E-waste on campus is collected by ALBA through dedicated bins placed on campus or directly through ALBA STEP UP app. Collected e-waste is then distributed to local facilities like EWR2 which takes apart components, sort materials and harvest precious metals.

A work bench for dismantling electronic equipment at EWR2 in Tuas Singapore. Source reference from Mothership.

Textile, including clothes, pillows, bedsheets, are collected through Cloop bins on campus and annual campus-wide reuse drives. Collected textiles are distributed to ISO-accredited recycling partners like LifeLine Clothing Malaysia Sdn Bhd, to be sorted for reuse, upcycling or recycling internationally.

LifeLine Clothing factory floor in Port Klang, Malaysia, where fabrics are sorted into more than 500 categories before being baled and exported. Source reference from CNA.

Horticulture waste on campus is generated through regular landscaping and tree pruning activities. Majority is sent to a waste-to-energy biomass plant, while a small portion is converted to mulch for use on campus grounds.

800 Super’s integrated facility in Tuas South includes a waste-to-energy biomass plant which processes our horticulture waste, where the electricity generated powers another plant in the facility. Source reference from Straits Times.

Repurposing plastic waste

Resource Sorting Stations

Besides PET♳, additional plastic streams (HDPE♴, LDPE♶ and PP♷) are collected through the pilot Resource Sorting Stations placed outside hostels.

Laboratories across campus

Plastic lab consumables, such as pipettes containers (PP♷) pictured above, will be collected through dedicated bin points in laboratories.

Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4

Plastics processed for road paving

Using campus grounds as a testbed, we are collaborating with industry and academic partners to use them in producing bitumen for road paving while ensuring structural integrity, safety and environmental performance.

In facilities outside the campus, plastic materials are shredded before processing to form a bituminous mix for road works.

Turning food waste into compost or aquaculture feed

Food courts, dining halls and canteens

Kitchen staff sort preparatory food waste like fruit peels and vegetable scraps into dedicated food waste collection bins.

Aerobic digestors & food waste valoriser

Collected food waste is sent to one of our three onsite aerobic digestors to be turned into compost for campus landscaping, or to the waste valoriser at Tembusu/Cinnamon Residential College to be processed into aquaculture feed testing.

Encourage reusables and phase out takeaway disposables

Dining halls

We urge hostelites to bring their own reusables when taking away at the Grab & Go breakfast counters, as a less wasteful option to single-use disposables.

Food courts and canteens

Takeaway disposables made up about 13%1 of waste disposed of in NUS. To phase out disposables, we are trialing alternatives like reusable takeaway systems or switching to compostable ware.

1 Based on waste composition studies conducted between 2022-2024 at various locations across campus.
Valorise food waste to aquaculture feed

Wastemaster substrate

We have implemented a food waste valoriser at Cinnamon & Tembusu College in University Town. Working with Life Lab Resources, we are converting our food waste into high calorific substrate for aquaculture feed.

Closing plastic waste loop 

To ensure that our recyclables are processed responsibly, we have contracted Sembwaste and Hiroyuki Industries to turn our PET♳ bottles into food grade rPET♳ resins to close the plastic waste loop.

Besides PET♳, we are also collaborating with industry and academic partners to test and implement emerging solutions for other plastic streams, namely High-density and Low-density Polyethylene (HDPE ♴ & LDPE ♶) and Polypropylene (PP ♷). We are developing plans to use them in producing bitumen for road paving while ensuring its structural integrity, safety and environmental performance.

Doing more with less

We are taking a material lifecycle approach to reduce waste across various operating functions, from procurement, administrative services to downstream waste operations. 

NUS Sustainable Procurement Framework, introduced in 2023, integrates environmental, social and economic considerations into our procurement processes. Through this framework, we encourage our community to reduce unnecessary purchases, promote less material wastage in our value chain and consider total cost of ownership. We have identified procurement hot spots, such as food catering and lab consumables, to be addressed in 2024. 

We have conducted site visits to our recycling collectors’ material recovery facilities at Lok Yang Road to check how our recyclables are processed.

Our recyclables are clean enough for recycling

The NUS community has been consistently sorting right, resulting in largely clean, homogeneous recyclable streams. Contamination rates at our Recycle Right bins and Resource Sorting Stations are low.

Our recycling collectors transport these clean recyclables to local material recovery facilities for baling and consolidation before exporting them to neighbouring countries for recycling.

Prioritise key waste streams to increase recycling rate

In 2023, the recycling rate dropped to baseline level of 27%, due to the cessation of off-site food waste recycling at NEA Ulu Pandan co-digestion plant. The daily waste disposed per capita also increased due to more events on campus.

We will be maximising food waste recycling with a hub and spoke model to transport food waste from various parts of campus to our three onsite composters and a new food waste valoriser. In 2025, we aim to reduce excessive food waste generated from catering. We are also closing plastic waste loops by collecting more types of plastics (e.g., low-density polyethylene) to repurpose as modified bitumen for paving campus roads. By 2025, we strive to achieve 28% recycling rate and 0.16 kg/day/capita as an interim target, by maximising recycling and reducing our total waste generated.

An energy audit conducted in an energy-intensive building highlighted ultra-low temperature freezers (i.e. deep freezers) as a key intervention.

Switching to energy efficient deep freezers in two years

In 2023, we launched our Sustainable Procurement Framework, where key guiding principles include avoiding unnecessary purchases, considering total cost of ownership and sourcing sustainable or energy efficient products.
By 2025, 212 out of 532 deep freezers across campus will be changed to energy efficient models from the central procurement catalogue. This will save about 2.4 GWh annually.
Staff participating in NUS Giving 2023 ‘Plant-It-Forward’ event planting trees in University Town.

Planting 100,000 trees on campus

Planted 47,552 trees on campus since November 2018

We aim to plant 100,000 trees by 2030, contributing to 10% of Singapore’s OneMillionTrees movement.

A virtual model of NUS Kent Ridge campus showing micro-climate sensor network of 40 weather stations, 6 infrared cameras and 3 meteorological towers.

High resolution data for cool campus programme

Close to 50 campus-wide sensors provide us with high-resolution environmental data to identify hot spots, forming the basis to test outdoor thermal comfort mitigation measures such as cool paint on buildings and hard surfaces as well as extensive greening, and provide planning insights for future campus development.
SDE4 was the first local university building to achieve Green Mark Operation Platinum Positive Energy certification with at least 115% more energy than consumed annually. In 2022, 485 MWh of solar energy was generated from SDE4 rooftop solar panels, while only 379 MWh was consumed in building operations. The excess energy was enough to power twenty five 4-room HDB flats for a whole year!

At President’s Award for Environment 2023 award ceremony, we shared our net zero energy design philosophy with President Tharman Shanmugaratnam and guests, including Mr Tharman’s spouse Ms Jane Ittogi, Senior Minister of State for Sustainability and the Environment Dr Amy Khor, Minister for Sustainability and the Environment Ms Grace Fu and Senior Parliamentary Secretary Mr Baey Yam Keng.

Sharing NUS Campus Sustainability Roadmap 2030 at key platforms to support Singapore Green Plan 2030.
Hosted Abu Dhabi Department of Energy and the UAE Embassy in October 2022.
Hosting foreign delegates to share design philosophy on net zero energy buildings.
Contributing to the launch of the enhanced Green Schools @ South West programme by Southwest Community Development Council in January 2025.
Developed the Sustainability Resource Pack for educators to groom the next generation of sustainability champions in more than 30 Primary and Secondary schools. Find out more
Meeting with Nanyang Technological University (NTU) sustainability team in 2024.
Meetups with sustainability teams from local Institutes of Higher Learning to exchange best practices and learnings.
Hosted Peking University in June 2023.
Hosted Imperial College of London in April 2024.

Hosted Institut Teknologi Bandung in June 2024.

Hosted University of Copenhagen in February 2025. 

Hosting global universities to exchange ideas and learnings, as well as to support capacity-building as a leading university.

SDE4 is the first purpose-built net-zero energy building in Singapore.

We are advancing our net zero energy design philosophy in all suitable new buildings by incorporating active and passive design features to reduce energy consumption, while designing for onsite renewable energy production.
Originally built in the 1970s, SDE1 & 3 were redesigned and retrofitted with net zero, low-energy green architectural elements.
Older buildings like SDE1 & SDE3 were retrofitted to preserve embodied carbon. After renovation, the total embodied carbon was about 200 kgCO2e/m2, 80% lower than BCA’s reference value (1,000 kgCO2e/m2 for non-residential buildings).

Energy performance ahead of government benchmark

School of Design & Environment (SDE) building cluster, consisting of SDE 1, 3 and 4, have achieved Energy Usage Intensity (EUI) significantly lower than the Super Low Energy benchmark set by Building and Construction Authority (BCA) for Institutes of Higher Learning.
Rooftop solar panels installed campus wide such as in the College of Design & Engineering (CDE) precinct

Commissioning 9.2 MWp of solar photovoltaic capacity

Solar panels onsite will supply renewable energy to replace approximately 4% (11 GWh) of NUS’ total electricity consumption, enough to power 2,500 four-room HDB flats for a year. These solar panels will be switched on progressively in 2024.

We are striving to maximise our solar capacity to 14 MWp by 2030 through higher efficiency solar panel technology and increased roof top coverage.

Beating the rise in emissions

In 2023, our emissions increased from 115 ktCO2e in 2022 to 122 ktCO2e due to the addition of new buildings and increased energy use in existing buildings.

While new buildings have achieved Green Mark (GM) Platinum and above certifications in design, we are also optimising the energy consumption in these buildings during operations. By 2025, we strive to beat the increase and achieve 118 ktCO2e as an interim target, aiming for 7.5 ktCO2e reduction through green lab initiative and commissioning campus-wide rooftop solar panels.